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Home Chemical Groups and Actives Chemical Mixtures and Combinations

Chemical Mixtures and Combinations

Multi-active products contain more than one parasitic chemical active responsible for killing parasites. The active ingredients within a multi-active product may target the same, or different parasites.

Multi-active products can be separated into:

  • Mixtures of different actives that work against multiple parasite groups (e.g. liver fluke and roundworm).
  • Combinations of different actives that target a single parasite.
  • Both a combination and a mixture that target multiple parasite groups and have more than one active against at least one of the parasites.

Multi-active products or chemical mixtures and combinations have higher efficacy than the individual ingredients, and are effective against more than one type of parasite. The benefits of combining actives are:

  1. Better results against parasites can be expected, as parasites resistant to one of the components are likely to be killed by the other components, or their combined effect.
  2. The rate of development of resistance is reduced, as very few parasites are likely to be simultaneously resistant to all components.
  3. Reduces labour by combining multiple treatments into one (i.e. when it is beneficial to treat cattle against multiple types of parasite at the one time).
warning

Do not mix different actives together unless the label states you can, or under veterinary advice, as different products may be incompatible.

Proprietary ready-made products have been tested to ensure the actives are compatible with each other and achieve the desired combination or mixture effect.

Mixtures

A mixture contains two or more active ingredients that target different parasite groups (e.g. roundworms and flukes). Mixtures have the convenience of a single treatment when quite different parasites are targeted; however, they should be considered ‘single-active’ against each parasite.

The mixtures available for use in cattle are mainly to treat roundworms and fluke with one treatment.

Mixtures available for this purpose are listed in Table 1 below.

Your choice of mixture should be guided by which parasite you most need to control, i.e. whether liver fluke or roundworm is causing your greatest economic loss. Note that product mixtures and combinations containing macrocyclic lactones will affect both internal and external parasites, depending on the formulation and application method. To prevent increased selection for resistance in non-target parasites consider other parasites when choosing a product.

Combination treatments

A combination treatment has more than one active ingredient to target the same parasite. It offers more than one way to kill the parasite—the number of different ways is determined by the number of active ingredients from different chemical groups included in the combination treatment.

Registered combination treatments are listed in Table 1 below.

The benefit of including more than one active ingredient in a product is that the chance of a parasite being resistant to all active ingredients in the combination is much lower than for each individual active on its own. Therefore, combination treatments are more likely to be completely effective against the targeted parasites, including parasites that have developed resistance.

Research conducted in 2012 on WA Farms, confirmed the presence of resistance to three single actives available for use in cattle at that time. This work indicated that small intestinal worm (Cooperia oncophora) resistance against ivermectin (macrocyclic lactone) was present on two-thirds of farms. Importantly, ivermectin was fully effective when tested against small brown stomach worm (Ostertagia ostertagi). The benzimidazole (white) and levamisole (clear) drenches were fully effective against small intestinal worms, but resistance was present in small brown stomach worms on about half of the farms tested. Research in other states also showed the presence of similar or greater resistance.

While certain cattle worms had resistance to individual actives, the results showed that using combination products could control these parasites and help prevent further development of resistance.

Combination and mixtures

Both dual (2 actives) and triple (3 actives) combinations are available.

Registered combination and mixture treatments are listed in Table 1 below.

Types of mixtures and combinations

A guide to the different actives and the pests they affect are in Table 1. Refer to information at WormBoss, TickBoss, LiceBoss and FlyBoss for the appropriate formulation and application method for your target pest. You can also use the Paraboss Product Search Tool, which can search products for all parasites of cattle, sheep and goats:

Table 1. Mixtures and combinations, their actives and a summary of the targeted parasites for which formulations are registered for. Boxed check marks indicate the pest targeted by multiple actives. Note that this table scrolls to the right using the bar at the bottom.

Chemical Pests targeted (may vary with formulation)
Worms Flies Ticks Lice Mites
Round worm Intestinal tapeworm Liver fluke Buffalo fly Stable fly Premises flies Fly strike Cattle tick Paralysis tick Bush tick
Combination (all actives target boxed parasite)
Abamectin and levamisole
Ivermectin and fluazuron
Moxidectin and levamisole
Abamectin, levamisole and oxfendazole
Beta-cyfluthrin and imidacloprid
Cypermethrin and chlorfenvinphos
Cyphenothrin and delta-tetramethrin
Deltamethrin and ethion
Pyrethrins and diazinon
Clorsulon and nitroxynil
Imidacloprid and beta-cyfluthrin
Mixtures (multiple targets)
Macrocyclic lactone and triclabendazole
Ivermectin and clorsulon
Oxfendazole and triclabendazole
Levamisole and oxyclozanide
Mixtures and combinations (multiple targets, primary target of actives boxed)
Ivermectin, nitroxynil, and clorsulon

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